Egypt Essays

Egypt Essays Egypt Essay Egypt Essay Egypt and Mesopotamia Because of different geographic locations, different exposure to outside invasion and prior beliefs, two of the great civilization differed in many ways. Egypt emphasized strong a strong central authority while Mesopotamian politics shifted more frequently over a substructure of regional city-states. Mesopotamian art focused on less monumental structures, while embracing a pronounced literary element that Egypt art lacked. These cultural differences can be explained by geography: Mesopotamians lacked access to the great stones that the Egyptians could import for their monuments. The differences also owed something to politics, for Egyptians ability to organize masses of laborers followed its government structures and strong bureaucracy. The differences owed something, finally, to different beliefs, for the Mesopotamians lacked the Egyptian concern for preparations for the afterlife, which so motivated the great tombs and pyramids. Costumes and staging are one similarity; both films depicting splendour and extravagance. In the 1934 film huge pillars ¦distinctly shaped table legs..project an ambience of oriental splendour. Ibid Title 7 Chapter 2. ?   The 1963 production took extravagance to a whole new level ¦.nowhere is this opulence more evident than Cleopatraâ„ ¢s entry to Rome. Ibid,Title 7 Chapter 3. Romance was present in both films. In 1934, more significantly where the story represented Cleopatraâ„ ¢s destructive infatuation with..two great loves..and less as a queen and stateswoman. Ibid Title 7 Chapter 2. Furthermore, the 1934 production demonstrated Colberreâ„ ¢s ?   girly ditziness with a storyline reduced to a battle of the sexes It would appear ?   in this production that dealing with the mighty Rome is just a bit of lighthearted fun. Ibid, Title 7 Chapter 2 Romance is still a cornerstone of this (1963) production . Ibid, Title 7 Chapter 3. However,the ?   impression created a portrait of a shrewd stateswoman, Cleopatra is widely read..in natural sciences ¦speaks seven languages proficiently. Cleopatra probed the weaknesses of her opponents and whose opulent nature overwhelms resistance. Ibid,Title 7 Chapter 3. This was a film where the message was not just of romance. Current issues were reflected in both films. ?   In 30â„ ¢s the role in society of women changed: with voting, equal opportunities and pay. With divorce and pre-marital sex increasing, the Catholic Church took steps in policing the morals of the day â€Å" and Hollywood also had 1. No comments Join Now For Free

Definition and Examples of the Historical Present Tense

Definition and Examples of the Historical Present Tense In English grammar, the historical present is the use of a verb phrase in the present tense to refer to an event that took place in the past. In narratives, the historical present may be used to create an effect of immediacy. Also called the  historic present, dramatic present, and narrative present. In rhetoric, the use of the present tense to report on events from the past is called translatio temporum (transfer of times). The term translation is particularly interesting, notes German English literature educator Heinrich Plett, because it is also the Latin word for metaphor. It clearly shows that the historical present only exists as an intended tropical deviation of the past tense. (Plett, Henrich. Rhetoric and Renaissance Culture, Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co., 2004.) Examples and Observations It is a bright summer day in 1947. My father, a fat, funny man with beautiful eyes and a subversive wit, is trying to decide which of his eight children he will take with him to the county fair. My mother, of course, will not go. She is knocked out from getting most of us ready: I hold my neck stiff against the pressure of her knuckles as she hastily completes the braiding and the beribboning of my hair. ... (Walker,  Alice. Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose, Harcourt Brace, 1983.) There is a famous story of President Abraham Lincoln, taking a vote at a cabinet meeting on whether to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. All his cabinet secretaries vote nay, whereupon Lincoln raises his right hand and declares: The ayes have it. (Rodman, Peter W.  Presidential Command, Vintage, 2010.) Verbs in the historic present describe something that happened in the past. The present tense is used because the facts are listed as a summary, and the present tense provides a sense of urgency. This historic present tense is also found in news bulletins. The announcer may say at the start, Fire hits a city center building, the government defends the new minister, and in football City, United lose. (Language Notes, BBC World Service.) If you introduce things which are past as present and now taking place, you will make your story no longer a narration but an actuality. (Longinus,  On the Sublime, quoted by Chris Anderson in  Style as Argument: Contemporary American Nonfiction, Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.) An Example of the Historical Present in an EssayI’m nine years old, in bed, in the dark. The detail in the room is perfectly clear. I am lying on my back. I have a greeny-gold quilted eiderdown covering me. I have just calculated that I will be 50 years old in 1997. ‘Fifty’ and ‘1997’ don’t mean a thing to me, aside from being an answer to an arithmetic question I set myself. I try it differently. ‘I will be 50 in 1997.’ 1997 doesn’t matter. ‘I will be 50.’ The statement is absurd. I am nine. ‘I will be ten’ makes sense. ‘I will be 13’ has a dreamlike maturity about it. ‘I will be 50’ is simply a paraphrase of another senseless statement I make to myself at night: ‘I will be dead one day.’ ‘One day I won’t be.’ I have a great determination to feel the sentence as a reality. But it always escapes me. ‘I will be dead’ comes with a picture of a dead body on a bed. But it’s mine, a nine-year-old body. When I make it old, it becomes someone else. I can’t imagine myself dead. I can’t imagine myself dying. Either the effort or the failure to do so makes me feel panicky. ... (Diski, Jenny. Diary,  London Review of Books, October 15, 1998. Report title At Fifty in  The Art of the Essay: The Best of 1999, edited by Phillip Lopate, Anchor Books, 1999.) An Example of the Historical Present in a Memoir  My first conscious direct memory of anything outside myself is not of Duckmore and its estates but of the street. I am adventuring out of our front gate and into the great world beyond. Its a summers day - perhaps this is the very first summer after we moved in when Im not yet three. I walk along the pavement, and on into the endless distances of the street - past the gate of No. 4 - on and bravely on until I find myself in a strange new landscape with its own exotic flora, a mass of sunlit pink blossom on a tangled rambler rose hanging over a garden fence. I have got almost as far as the garden gate of No. 5. At this point, I somehow become aware of how far I am from home and abruptly lose all my taste for exploration. I turn and run back to No. 3. (Frayn, Michael. My Fathers Fortune: A Life, Metropolitan Books, 2010.) The You-Are-There IllusionWhen the reference point of the narration is not the present moment but some point in the past, we have the historical present, in which a writer tries to parachute the reader into the midst of an unfolding story (Genevieve lies awake in bed. A floorboard creaks ... ). The historical present is also often used in the setup of a joke, as in A guy walks into a bar with a duck on his head. ... Though the you-are-there illusion forced by the historical present can be an effective narrative device, it can also feel manipulative. Recently a Canadian columnist complained about a CBC Radio news program that seemed to him to overuse the present tense, as in UN forces open fire on protesters. The director explained to him that the show is supposed to sound less analytic, less reflective and more dynamic, more hot than the flagship nightly news show. (Pinker, Steven.  The Stuff of Thought, Viking, 2007.) A Warning From the PastAvoid the use of the historical present unless the narrative is sufficiently vivid to make the use spontaneous. The historical present is one of the boldest of figures and, as is the case with all figures, its overuse makes a style cheap and ridiculous. (Royster, James Finch and Stith Thompson,  Guide to Composition, Scott Foresman and Company, 1919.)

Effective Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Effective Leaders - Essay Example To lead, you require some qualities such as strength of mind, the eagerness to determine, defy the class quo, proceed for what you accepted as true, hazard, negative responses, rise up against power, and modify. To make my opinion more clear and effective I would describe the difference between Managerial work and leadership. Managerial work is a division of leadership abilities. It is often heard that people try to divide them that they are leaders, but not managers. But the people who use to say this are usually incorrect while it appears to attracting the supporters which formulates it hard to judge them as victorious leaders. A leader is somebody who does things perfectly and who knows where to go. Where as managerial work is how to do things perfectly and how they really get there. A student of a college or school who makes a group of friends together to go to picnic, so he is acting not just as a leader, but as well as a manager. Someone who wants to be a leader, but does not want to do with managerial work is a self-indulgent. Leadership and managerial work always collaborate in order give an efficient result. Straightforwardly, managerial work is the procedure of describing and calculating the success. A leader is the one who places the idea, describes victory, and verifies the capacity of success will be extra efficient than the similar leader who wishes to place the idea but declines to accept any effort in the managerial area. Therefore, effective leader is a person who controls and makes an impact on people. Every person owns leadership potential. Effective Leadership is not restricted to group decision-making or high flier. Effective Leadership can, and frequently does, 'appear from inside. Every person of your Land concern group is a helper. Helpers are not essential to do something. They are stimulated to accomplish things. Motivation can appear firstly from the wish to improve the surroundings or make better farm production, however it requires be continuously revitalization, and communicating. That is where effective leadership enters. To be an effective leader one should have make up hisher mind and set tasks, it will assist to decide what the followers desire to get. It might be up to the Leader to begin this procedure, but it is much simple to guide a group when a leader suggests where the group wishes to move. To make the leadership more effective leaders have to observe their group members. The most excellent technique to do this is by starting discussions and after that paying attention to the group. By listening, Leader will observe regarding their benefit and find out ways so that they can be more concerned in the group. They should converse evidently and normally. Explain their group aims and ethics, and keep distributing their ideas with their workers. Effective Leaders always engage workers in arranging goals. They give many advices on how can they move toward the tasks. Leaders have to give their workers few responsibilities and authority and guide them. Effective Leaders have to be liable on their selves. Establish a consultative board or managerial team to support them to make better planned decisions and the team could give them opinion on their own work. Effective leaders should be honest with their work and expand faith to their workers. That will help leaders to be dependable and make the company stronger. To be an effective

Problem scenarios in Consumer Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Problem scenarios in Consumer Law - Case Study Example But the primary liability still lies with the seller who effected the sale transaction. In addition, when the goods are sold in the course of a business there is the additional protection available to the buyer in terms of the provisions of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 which prohibits their exclusion. The protections constitute statutorily laid implied terms of sale. The meaning of this is that SGA will render these terms made applicable to all contracts for sale of goods irrespective of whatever terms and conditions the parties to the sale have agreed at the time of entering into the contract of sale. Under Contract law there are three categories of terms are applied for the contracts. They are (i) conditions, (ii) warranties, (iii) innominate terms Conditions are the main terms of a contract which forms the nucleus of the contract. When the condition attached to a contract is breached the innocent party can claim damages and repudiate the contract. Damages represent monetary compensation for the loss suffered by buyer. Repudiation is the avoidance of the contract which has the effect of relieving both the parties to the contract from the obligations under the contract. Warranties represent technical legal term which corre... Damages represent monetary compensation for the loss suffered by buyer. Repudiation is the avoidance of the contract which has the effect of relieving both the parties to the contract from the obligations under the contract. Warranties Warranties represent technical legal term which corresponds to minor contractual terms. These terms are less important terms of the agreement between the parties. For the breach of any warranty the party who suffered losses can only claim damages. He cannot repudiate the contract totally. Innominate Terms Innominate terms are those terms attached to the contract which cannot be classified either as condition or warranty just by looking at the terms of the contract. These terms can be classified either as condition or warranty only looking at the effect of the breach. When the consequences of the breach are only slight not causing any major loss to the buyer it will be treated as a warranty. On the other hand when the impact of breach is great it will be categorized as a condition. Implied Term with Respect to Goods sold by Description Section 13(1) provides for the implied term that when the goods are sold by description the goods shall correspond with the description. For making this section apply the goods should have been sold exclusively by description.1 This provision shall not apply when the buyer sees the goods physically before the sales takes place. This position has been clearly explained in the case of Harlington & Leinster Enterprises v Christopher Hull Fine Art2 In this case the purchasers were unable to claim damages under section 13 when the painting they bought thinking as done by a famous artist turned out to be

Economics Paper Essay Example for Free

Economics Paper Essay The term Monetary Policy refers to what the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the National Central Bank does to influence the amount of money and the credit of the U.S. Economy. What happens to money and credit affects the interest rate and the performance of our economy. The definition of the Monetary Policy is the regulation of the money supply and interest rates by the central bank and the Federal Reserve Board, in order to control inflation and stabilize the currency. The Monetary Policy is one way the government can impact the economy. The goals of the Monetary Policy is to maximize employment, stabilize prices and moderate interest rates. The Monetary Policy is the management of expectations of the economy, supporting the long-term economic growth and employment. The Monetary Policy is the relationship of interest rates and the economy, the price at which money can be borrowed and the total supply of money. The Monetary Policy began in the 19th century to maintain the gold standard. Today the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply. The most powerful person (after the president) in the United States is the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The person that controls the money, controls the world. There are three instruments (tools) the Federal Reserve uses to implement the Monetary policy, open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. In the open market operations the securities dealer compete on the basis of price to do business with the Fed. This tool consist of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments (securities) from the U.S. Treasury, Financial agencies or other government sponsored enterprises. Trading securities the Fed influences the amount of bank reserve, that affect the federal fund rate, and the overnight lending rate that banks barrow reserves from each other. Open market operations are flexible and the most frequently used in the Monetary Policy. The federal fund rate is highly sensitive to changes in the demand for the supply of reserves in the banking system. The discount rate is the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve Banks to the depository banks on the short-term loans. Lastly, is the Reserve Requirements, the portion of the deposit amounts the bank must keep to cover amenities. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the group that formulates the nations monetary policy. The chairman of FOMC is, none other than, the chairmen of the Board of Governors. The voting members of FOMC consist of seven members of the Board of Governors (BOG), the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other president of Reserve Banks. These members serve in one year rotating basis, and all Reserve Bank presidents participate in FOMC policy discussions. FOMC meets eight times a year to discuss the U.S. Economy and the monetary policy options. After FOMC meetings the committee issues statements that include the federal fund rate target. To implement the policys actions the Committee issues a directive to the NY Feds Domestic Trading Desk, that guides the implementation of the Committees policy through the open market operations. The open market operations are conducted on a daily basis to prevent technical forces that can effect federal fund rates from the target rates. Monetary and fiscal policy are different animals, but animals the same. A Monetary Policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, by targeting interest rates for the purpose of economic growth and stability.

Mycenae Essay -- Greece History Essays

Mycenae Problems with format ?Mycenae in southern Greece is one of the oldest cities in the world, the center of rich myth, culture, and history.? For centuries, legends abounded about the wealth, fame, and power of this city, particularly concerning its involvement in the Trojan War.? Yet, just 200 years ago, people wondered whether the ancient city of Mycenae even existed.? However, archaeological work in the past two centuries has confirmed the existence and greatness of this ancient civilization.? The major finds include the city?s walls, palace, and tombs.? These discoveries provide a connection to this ancient city and make it come to life again today. ?Our first knowledge of Mycenae came from Greek legends written by ancient poets who described Mycenae as ?the well-build citadel,? ?the broad-wayed,? and ?rich in gold? (Mylanos 11).? This city was one of the most powerful in the pre-Hellenic period.? According to tradition, Mycenae was founded by Perseus, one of Zeus? sons.? The last ruler of this line, Eurytheus, imposed the 12 labors on Heracles which led to his murder (LFC 7).? Atreus was then chosen as ruler to begin the Pelopid dynasty.? During this time the city reached its highest point, controlling most of southern Greece and some of the islands.? Agamemnon became the city?s greatest king and led the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War.? When Agamemnon returned from the war, he was killed by his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus.? However, Agamemnon?s son, Orestes, killed both of them seven years later and took power.? Under the rule of Orestes? son Tisamenos, the city was destroyed by Dorian tribes, ending thi s civilization. ?Until the nineteenth century, many questioned if there was any basis... ... of ancient Greece.? We now have an understanding of pre-Hellenic culture, something that used to exist only in legend.? The excavations of ancient Mycenae confirm the greatness of this civilization.? The wealth and skill of the Mycenaeans are demonstrated in their architectural marvels and the contents buried in their graves.? We now can picture the environment in which the great leader Agamemnon lived, ruling over southern Greece and trading throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Works Cited ?Mycenaean Age?.? Lake Forest College.? . Mylanos, George E.? Ancient Mycenae: The Capitol City of Agamemnon.? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957. Samuel, Alan E.? The Mycenaeans in History.? New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1966. Taylour, Lord William.? The Mycenaeans.? London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd, 1983.

Investigate the effect of one factor on the boiling temperature of a liquid Essay

Salt (NaCl) is a substance with a low vapour pressure. In comparison to any type of liquid, salt still has a lower vapour pressure. If salt was to be dissolved in water (H2O), in this case for the experiment, then consequently the salt will cause the overall vapour pressure of the solution to decrease and have a lower vapour pressure. Lowering a solution’s vapour pressure means that the solution will have a higher molecule vaporising point then pure water (without added salt). In other words, the boiling point of the solution will increase and therefore have a higher boiling point temperature. A term used to describe this outcome is also known as boiling-point elevation. [1] In this experiment the affect of table salt on the boiling point of tap water will be measured. Pure tap water without table salt added will be the control of this experiment and all results will be compared to the results of the pure tap water. The temperature of the water will be measured in degrees Celsius (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and the amount of table salt added will be measured in grams (g). This experiment will be carried out at Standard Lab Conditions (SLC); Research Question: How does table salt affect the boiling point of water? Hypothesis: It is hypothesised that adding table salt will cause the water to boil at a higher temperature. Variables: Independent variables: The amount of table salt added to water. (g) * 0 grams (control) * 10 grams * 20 grams * 30 grams * 40 grams * 50 grams Dependent variables: The temperature of water when it boils (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Controlled variables: Controlled variables How it will be controlled The conditions of the surrounding area (temperature, wind, humidity etc) of where the experiment is carried out The experiment will be carried out on one day only and at standard lab conditions Avoid salt residues left on the thermometer when testing water temperature Distilled water will be used to clean the thermometer before every testing of water The type of water used for the experiment Tap water for the science lab will be used for this experiment The point at which the water temperature will be recorded The temperature of the water will be recorded when the whole surface of the water is boiling and bubbling The length of time the thermometer is left in the beaker of water The thermometer will be left for 30 seconds in the beaker, to show clear results of the water temperature The depth at which the thermometer is left in the beaker The end tip of the beaker will be placed right at the centre bottom of the beaker The Bunsen burner flame that will heat the beaker The heat of the blue flame will boil the water in the beaker The length of time the Bunsen burner is left undisturbed on blue flame to reach its optimum temperature When the Bunsen burner safe flame is changed to blue flame, the Bunsen burner will be left on the bench undisturbed for 2 minutes The repetition and speed of stirring the solution When the beaker is placed onto the tripod with the blue flame on, immediately 5 slow circle rotations of the stirring rod will be performed to dissolve the salt into the water The amount of water used for this experiment For this experiment, 500 millimetres of water will be measured in the beakers. When measuring the water level, the observer must get down to eye level to avoid parallax error and misreading of the water level Avoiding contaminations to the equipment used in this experiment Before using equipments, distilled water will be used to thoroughly clean all equipments to avoid contamination and residues The brand and type of table salt used for this experiment Woolworths Iodated Table Salt will be used for this experiment The accuracy of measuring small amount of salt The sampler spoon will be filled with salt right to the top, (touching the edges but not overflowing) with salt. 2. A wash bottle was used to thoroughly clean all equipments of this experiment. Including: beakers, graduated cylinder; thermometer, stirring rod 3. With a permanent marker pen, each beaker was labelled (near the top mouth of the beaker): Control; 10g; 20g; 30g; 40g; 50g; respectively, in relation to the amount of salt that will be added to the water 4. The graduated cylinder was used to measure 500mL of tap water, and the tap water was then placed into a beaker. This was repeated until all six beakers were filled with 500mL of tap water 5. The sampler spoon was used to weigh the amount of table salt that each beaker of water needed according to the labels of the beakers Eg; If the beaker is labelled 30g, then 30g of salt must be added to the beaker. Which means salt will have to be scooped three times with the spoon 6. The Bunsen burner was set up and the safe flame was left on. The tripod was placed directly above the flame 7. When the Bunsen burner was changed to the blue flame, the stopwatch was used to record 2 minutes of the flame left undisturbed 8. The beaker that read Control was immediately placed onto the tripod after two minutes was up 9. The stirring rod was instantly retrieved and 5 slow circle rotations were performed to dissolve the salt into the water 10. The beaker was left stable on the tripod. Whilst waiting for the water to boil, changes to the solution was carefully observed. Observations were recorded as qualitative data. When the whole surface of the water boiled, the tip of the thermometer was immediately placed at the centre of the beaker for 30 seconds. The degree of the water was then recorded. 11. In avoiding dangers, the blue flame was changed to the safe 12. The beaker tongs was used to remove the beaker from the tripod and the beaker was then placed away from the experiment area 13. The wash bottle was used to clean residues off the thermometer. 14. Steps 7-12 was then repeated for the rest of the beakers labelled; 10g; 20g; 30g; 40g; 50g 15. In obtaining more accurate results, the whole experiment was carried out another three times and the average was then calculated: Test 1 result + Test 2 result + Test 3 result Bibliography 1. How Does Salt Affect the Boiling Point of Water. David Bradley. 27 Dec 2006. 07 Feb 2009. http://www.sciencebase.com/science-blog/how-does-salt-affect-the-boiling-point-of-water.html

Rico Act Essay

The RICO Act has been an important component in addressing organized and white collar crime. Write a five page (double-spaced) essay that summarizes the RICO Act and its impact on organized and white collar crime. Be sure to support your thoughts with information from our readings. Rico Act Essay The term â€Å"Rico Act† stands for the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, Codified as chapter 96, Title 18, of the United States Code which was passed by Congress in 1970. The purpose of the Act was to eliminate the ill-affects of organized crime on the nation’s economy. The Rico Act provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization. The RICO Act focuses specifically on racketeering, and it allows for the leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crimes which they ordered others to do or assisted them in doing. It closed a perceived loophole that allowed someone who told a man to commit a crime such as murder, to be exempt from the trial because they did not actually do it or were physically involved. Racketeering is defined as the process of forming or running an organization to operate or commit or otherwise execute ongoing criminal activities. For example the drug mafia planning and executing drug traffic in an organized manner. Such crimes are generally illegitimate business when a person commits crimes such as extortion, loan-sharking, bribery, and obstruction of justice in furtherance of illegal business activities. The definition of a â€Å"racketeering activity† means any act or threat involving murder, kidnapping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, dealing in obscene matter, or dealing in a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act), which is chargeable under State law and punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. There are a number of illegal and prohibited activities listed in the act and are as follows: Prohibited activities listed in Section 1962 of the Rico Act. a) It shall be unlawful for any person who has received any income derived, directly or indirectly, from a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of an unlawful debt in which such person has participated as a principal within the meaning of section 2, title 18, United States Code, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income, or the proceeds of such income, in acquisition of any interest in, or the establishme nt or operation of, any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce. A purchase of securities on the open market for purposes of investment, and without the intention of controlling or participating in the control of the issuer, or of assisting another to do so, shall not be unlawful under this subsection if the securities of the issuer held by the purchaser, the members of his immediate family, and his or their accomplices in any pattern or racketeering activity or the collection of an unlawful debt after such purchase do not amount in the aggregate to one percent of the outstanding securities of any one class, and do not confer, either in law or in fact, the power to elect one or more directors of the issuer. (b) It shall be unlawful for any person through a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of any unlawful debt to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce. c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt. (d) It shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section. Under RICO, a person who is a member of an illegal enterprise or organization that has committed any two of 35 crimes including 27 federal crimes and 8 state crimes, within a 10-year period, can be charged with racketeering. Those found guilty of racketeering can be fined up to $25,000 and sentenced to 20 years in prison per racketeering count. In addition, the racketeer must forfeit all ill-gotten gains and interest in any business gained through a pattern of â€Å"racketeering activity. RICO also permits a private individual harmed by the actions of suc h an enterprise to file a civil lawsuit and collect monetary damages. Despite its harsh provisions, a RICO-related charge is considered easy to prove in court, as it focuses on patterns of behavior as opposed to criminal acts. Although some of the RICO predicate acts are extortion and blackmail, one of the most successful applications of the RICO laws has been the ability to indict or sanction individuals for their behavior and actions committed against witnesses and victims in alleged retaliation or retribution for cooperating with federal law enforcement or intelligence agencies. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of bringing organized crime members to justice, ten years passed before the first RICO convictions were obtained. Throughout the 1970s crime families continually fought for power over the many racketeering enterprises that brought in huge sums of money. The National Conference on Organized Crime in 1975 estimated that mob related racketeering reached about $50 billion a year in the United States. An example of a popular case where the Rico Act was used to bring down a criminal organization was the numerous arrests of members of the Gambino Crime Family. The Carlo Gambino family was one of New York's most powerful in the American Mafia. It was successfully weakened by convictions obtained under the RICO Act of 1970. Under Gambino’s leadership, family rackets spread into new areas. Starting in the late ’50s, they engaged in large-scale drug trafficking. The Gambino and Lucchese families put a stranglehold on illegal activities at JFK International Airport, effectively boxing out all competition. Gambino bought into all kinds of legitimate businesses such as pizza parlors, meat markets, restaurants, construction companies, trucking firms, dress factories, and nightclubs, and used them as fronts to facilitate illegal operations. Battles for power and control between crime families resulted in numerous murders. Members of one family would assassinate another's boss. The family of the assassinated boss sought revenge by murdering a member of the offending family. Murders were also committed to prevent a crime member from testifying in a trial. The first convictions of American Mafia members under RICO began in 1980. Numerous gangsters were convicted for a variety of racketeering offenses. In 1985 the bosses of all five New York City Mafia families were convicted under RICO and each received at least one hundred years in prison. In 1992 Salvatore â€Å"Sammy the Bull† Gravano testified in court against his boss, John Gotti, head of the Gambino crime family at that time. In doing so he broke the sacred code of the Mafia, the code of silence barring every Mafia member from ever testifying against another Mafia member. Gotti was sentenced to life in prison. His brother Peter Gotti took over the family but was sentenced in April 2004 to nine years in prison. From our reading, we also learned that Rico can provide other benefits to local, county, state and federal law enforcement. As stated by Osterburg and Ward, page 632, â€Å"Through asset forfeiture provisions the government can confiscate money, houses, cars, boats, planes, electronics and weapons. This has not only impacted on the specific criminals targeted, but in many jurisdictions has been used as a means for law enforcement to expand their own efforts. In my own department, we use the proceeds from asset forfeitures to purchase vehicle equipment and bullet proof vests. Summary For decades, law enforcement strategies have focused on identifying and prosecuting the leaders of criminal enterpris es. Members may be charged or arrested for relatively minor infractions. Charges for even small infractions can provide prosecutors with the leverage to conduct further investigations of the group. The goal is to get â€Å"smaller fish† to â€Å"flip† and testify against the heads of the organization. The ultimate aim is to disrupt the group as a whole. Since the inception of the Rico Act, thousands of arrests and convictions have been handed down against members of organized crime. All five New York crime families have been disabled by Rico convictions and numerous other crime families have felt the sting. There has been mixed reviews on the total effectiveness of the Rico Act, but most will agree that there seems to be no end to organized crime and those willing to engage in criminal activity and enterprise. References www. ricoact. com/ricoact/nutshell. asp RICO – What Happened Next . . . – Crime, Family, Mafia, Families, Organized, and American http://law. jrank. org/pages/12394/RICO-What-happened-next. html#ixzz1XrNLl9Gg http://www. trutv. com/library/crime/gangster_outlaws/family_epics/gambino/3. html www. justice. gc. ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2005/rr05_5/p5. html. Osterburg and Ward. , Criminal Investigations, A Method for Reconstructing the

Overloading While

Overloading While Overloading While Overloading While By Maeve Maddox Because English is blessed with so many subordinating conjunctions, there’s no need to overuse any of them. The conjunction while, for example, tends to pop up in contexts in which a different conjunction may be the better choice. The first and most obvious use of while is as a temporal conjunction to introduce a clause that has something to do with time: While I was sleeping, the cat ate the canary. (Here while means â€Å"during the time that.†) While is used to introduce clauses that express opposition: While she was quite attractive, she believed that she was ugly. (Here while means â€Å"despite the fact that.†) While is also used to introduce a clause that provides a contrast: Mary dressed in princess clothing, while her brother dressed in cowboy costume. It is this use of while that leads to ambiguity. Does the while clause express contrast, or does it express time? The sentence could be interpreted to mean that Mary dressed as a princess during the time that her brother dressed as a cowboy. If contrast is intended, the conjunction whereas would make the meaning clearer. Sometimes while is used as if it were a coordinating conjunction like and, as in this description of a motorcycle: New, soft palm grips provide nice comfort, while broad mirrors are neatly placed for clear rear vision. Here are some â€Å"adversative† conjunctions that you may wish to substitute for while when appropriate: even though although though whereas where Here are some additional temporal conjunctions to use when while is not quite what you want: until after before when since once whenever as soon as as long as by the time Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Using "zeitgeist" Coherently

Catfights and Dogfights

Catfights and Dogfights Catfights and Dogfights Catfights and Dogfights By Maeve Maddox The following headline on the editorial page of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette caught my eye: Catfight at pet clinic The first sentence of the editorial told me that whoever wrote the headline: 1. hadn’t read the editorial; 2. didn’t know the meaning of â€Å"catfight† How I know: 1. the editorial was about something that happened at an animal shelter, not a clinic. 2. the incident being commented on involved a worker who had threatened to kill his fellow workers. I don’t know of any definition of catfight that includes terroristic threatening. Here are two definitions of catfight as given in the OED: A fight between cats. A vicious fight or altercation, esp. between women. Merriam-Webster makes no reference to fighting women in its definition: catfight: a bitter and usually intensely personal dispute The definition at Answers.com also avoids any display of insensitivity towards women: A fight between or among cats. Informal. A vociferous dispute: a catfight between farmers and the government over subsidies. I suggest that what most people understand by catfight, when not used literally of felines, is a fight, verbal or physical, between or among women, as described here: Catfight is a term for an altercation between two women, typically involving scratching, slapping, hair-pulling, and shirt-shredding as opposed to punching or wrestling. Wikipedia The word dogfight, has different connotations. The OED hyphenates the word as dog-fight: A fight between dogs. transf. A general disturbance or mà ªlà ©e; spec. a ‘scrap’ between aircraft. Merriam-Webster spells it as one word, dogfight: 1 : a fight between or as if between dogs : MELEE; broadly : a fiercely disputed contest 2 : a fight in aerial warfare between two or more fighter planes usually maneuvering at close quarters Answers.com adds an addtional definition: An illegal, organized fight between dogs, arranged for spectator entertainment and betting. Political correctness aside, the words dog and cat carry gendered cultural connotations. For example, if someone describes a heterosexual married couple fighting â€Å"like cats and dogs,† which member of the couple do you think represents which animal in the mind of the hearer? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOne Fell SwoopEducational vs. Educative

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Research Paper Example Some misrepresentations however aim at esteeming an organization’s financial position to present a better image to stakeholders. I, in this paper, review cases of accounting fraud. Worthen reports a claim by Hewlett Packard that Autonomy, a United Kingdom based company that it acquired two years ago, had misrepresented its financial position to the harm of Hewlett Packard. Hewlett Packard reports that the acquisition was overvalued and the transfer of ownership led to an almost nine billion dollar write off and a consequent loss in hp’s trading. hp claims that its internal audit detected gross misrepresentation by Autonomy prior to the 2011 acquisition with claims of intentional motive to overstate both income and profitability of the organization. The perpetrators, according to the article, further intended to conceal such acts but Autonomy’s founder dismissed the claims as false. The founder, Mr. Lynch who worked with hp after the acquisition however cited poor management by the new owner of his former software enterprise as the possible cause of the financial conditions at Hewlett Packard. Reports of formal action by hp for legal investigations and action by both United States and United Kingdom authorities identified significance of the case that would transcend international legal systems. History of Hewlett Packard, prior to the acquisition, had however been marred with integrity compromises that led to reorganization of its top management and the departure of its two chief executives in 2010 and 2011. While Mr. Hurd had to resign in the year 2010 for conflict of interest that manifested in relationship with a client, his successor who also spearheaded the Autonomy deal bowed down to pressure after barely a year (Worthen 1). Investigations into the fraud case were initiated in May 2012 after Hewlett Packard’s lead legal personnel reported allegations from a member of Autonomy’s management team that gross manipulation of accounting records occurred before the property’s transfer to Hewlett Packard. While the informant’s anonymity was maintained, Autonomy’s auditing firm expressed its positions of having no interest of knowledge of such malpractices though the accounting firm did not express confidence in its client’s accounting records prior to the sales. Mr. Lynch however maintained that his former business was developed on integrity and was stable before internal differences among hp’s management team led to its collapse. Supporting Lynch’s allegations are reports of other managerial challenges such as mobility among hp’s top executives, reduced costs, increasing liabilities and reducing demand for some of the organization’s products. Even though private audit identified inconsistency in classification of items for recording, hp’s allegations of gross misrepresentation was downplayed by its representation by distinguished accounting fi rms during the acquisition and the fact that the firms did not detect such claims (Worthen 1). Even though existing information does not establish validity of the claim, Autonomy appears to have misrepresented its accounting records to portray a profitable and competitive enterprise that it was not. The primary motives of such misrepresentations have however not been established but occurrence prior to Autonomy’s sales suggest that the misrepresentation aimed at deceiving potential

EGT3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EGT3 - Essay Example This type of economic regulation may prevent competition in the market. Industrial Regulation has an impact on various entities. For national firms which operate in a monopolistic or oligopolistic market, regulation is a boon. Regulation helps in the development and growth of these industries. An example could be companies working in oil and power sector. Regulation is also beneficial for small and mid size industries which would find it tough to survive in the absence of regulations because of intense global competition and the realization of economies of scale by big international firms. An example is small and mid-size firms in Textile manufacturing. Industrial Regulation has negative impacts on multi-national firms who want to expand their businesses internationally but are constrained due to regulation. An example is regulation on FDI in retail in several sectors. Regulation is also harmful for consumer as a whole in certain sectors where competition would actually reduce prices. However, in sectors mentioned above such as drugs and ammunition, regulation is useful for society as a whole. (Joskow,Rose). Social Regulation implies the restrictions imposed by the government in order to prevent or prohibit harmful corporate behaviour such as environmental pollution and occupational health hazards or to promote desirable behavioral patterns. Social regulation has an impact on almost everybody. This includes the corporate, end-consumers, shareholders and the environment. The corporate have to adhere to certain standards to be in business which have attached costs in the short run. The end-consumers are positively affected as social regulation leads to a better holistic environment. A monopoly is a form of market in which almost all the sales in the market go to a single firm. A natural monopoly is a situation constrained by technology or costs in which it is optimal for the entire production to be done by a single firm.